Investigation of Phytochemicals and Pharmacognostic Features of Feronia Limonia Fruit and Its In Vivo Effects on Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Feronia limonia, commonly known as wood apple, is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study investigates the phytochemical constituents, pharmacognostic characteristics, and in vivo antioxidant potential of F. limonia fruit to provide a scientific foundation for its medicinal applications. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of key bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Pharmacognostic and physicochemical analyses were performed to establish quality control and standardization parameters for the fruit. In addition, the methanolic extract was evaluated for its antioxidant activity using a carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced oxidative stress model in Wistar rats. The extract significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and restored antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GSH) in a dose-dependent manner, supported by histopathological findings of hepatoprotection. These results validate the traditional use of F. limonia and highlight its potential as a natural source of antioxidant agents for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.