Impact of Basella Alba Leaf Mucilage on Key Variables of Clarithromycin Mucoadhesive Microspheres: Optimization Using Central Composite Design

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the mucoadhesive potential of Basella alba leaf mucilage (BALM) in mucoadhesive microspheres containing Clarithromycin (CMN). The objective was to evaluate how mucilage concentration influences particle size and swelling index to enhance drug delivery efficiency. A total of nine formulations were developed using Carbopol 934P (C-934P) with varying levels of BALM. The study utilized a central composite design (CCD) in Design Expert software to investigate the influence of C-934P and BALM (factors) on particle size and swelling index (responses). Formulations were further analyzed for percentage yield, drug content, release profile, and mucoadhesive belongings. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the structures of the microspheres. Particle size ranged from 434 ± 2.04 μm to 509 ± 1.22 μm, with batch T-9 exhibiting the smallest size and batch T-1 the largest. The swelling index varied between 62.0 ± 2.36 and 72.6 ± 2.52, increasing with higher polymer concentrations. The formulations displayed high yield, controlled drug release, excellent entrapment efficiency (EE), and strong mucoadhesion. SEM confirmed the formation of spherical microspheres with smooth surfaces. The findings demonstrate that Basella alba leaf mucilage significantly enhances the mucoadhesive belongings of CMN microspheres, making them suitable for gastric-specific drug delivery. This approach offers a promising strategy for improving compound retention and therapeutic efficacy in the stomach environment.