A Comparative Evaluation of the Wound Healing Efficacy of Madhvadi Lepa and Silver Nitrate Gel in Semecarpus anacardium Linn. Oil-Induced Dermal Toxicity in Albino Mice

Abstract

Background: Semecarpus anacardium Linn.(SA) is widely used in Ayurveda but is known to cause dermal toxicity due to irritant phenolic compounds. Modern management relies on symptomatic treatment like Silver Nitrate, whereas the classical formulation Madhvadi Lepa is traditionally indicated for toxic skin inflammation. Its efficacy, however, has not been experimentally validated. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Madhvadi Lepa in SA oil induced dermal toxicity in Swiss albino mice, in comparison with Silver nitrate gel. Methods: Twenty four female Swiss albino mice (20–30 g) were allocated into four groups (n=6). Normal Control, Disease Control (SA oil only), Standard (SA oil + 0.2% silver nitrate gel), and Test (SA oil + Madhvadi Lepa). Dermal parameters including erythema, oedema, scaling, erosion, epithelialization time, wound area, and percentage wound closure were assessed for 14 days as per OECD 404 guidelines. Body weight, food intake, and relative organ weights were recorded. Histopathological examination of skin tissues was performed. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (GraphPad Prism 8.42). Results: The Disease Control group showed persistent erythema, delayed healing (13.50 ± 0.84 days), and only 49.10% wound closure. Madhvadi Lepa significantly reduced erythema, erosion, and scaling from Day 5 onward and achieved 83.83% wound closure and epithelialization by 9.83 ± 2.23 days, comparable to silver nitrate (p>0.05). No systemic toxicity was observed. Conclusion: Madhvadi Lepa effectively attenuates SA induced dermal toxicity and promotes wound healing, exhibiting therapeutic efficacy comparable to Silver nitrate. It represents a safe and economical topical alternative in Agadtantra clinical practice.